本期內(nèi)容翻譯自Antony McPhee的一篇文章，以下為原文及BIM盒子的獨(dú)家翻譯。
MakingBIM Work: Quality Models
BIM processes only work if there is something those processes can act upon.
No BIM models, no process.
And quality matters: without good quality models no matter how good BIM processes or standards are it will be extremely difficult for anyone to do anything useful.
Pretty basic stuff, but all too often ignored.
Ignored because to ensure these thing happen action has to occur at the very, very, beginning of a project. When each design consultant is signed up, because they are the BIM authors, the ones who will be creating the BIM models.
Ignored because owners assume BIM authors will produce adequate BIM models as part of their normal service, even when the contract deliverables are only drawings, schedules and specifications.
Now, one day this will hopefully change. Consultant agreements will by default contain common, widely understood BIM requirements. Consultants themselves will be familiar and comfortable with BIM software and what is necessary for quality BIM models.
But at present, pretty much everywhere, this is not the case. And it is not going to change if we don’t start addressing this issue directly.
讓BIM工作起來(lái)：有質(zhì)量的模型
想要BIM流程真正能夠?qū)嵤┢饋?lái)，這些流程必須有一個(gè)實(shí)施的基礎(chǔ)。
沒(méi)有模型，也就沒(méi)有流程。模型的質(zhì)量很重要，沒(méi)有一個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)的模型作為基礎(chǔ)的話(huà)，那無(wú)論流程設(shè)計(jì)的有多好，執(zhí)行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有多嚴(yán)格，都沒(méi)法做出有實(shí)際意義的事情來(lái)。
這是個(gè)很基礎(chǔ)的事，但因?yàn)樗A(chǔ)了，反倒很少有人關(guān)注。
之所以沒(méi)人關(guān)注，是因?yàn)橐@得高質(zhì)量的模型，必須在項(xiàng)目非常前期的時(shí)候，首批制作BIM模型的設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，就關(guān)注這一項(xiàng)工作。而業(yè)主想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為，即使合同上只寫(xiě)了要求交付圖紙、表格和規(guī)格書(shū)，BIM團(tuán)隊(duì)還是會(huì)主動(dòng)地提供足夠好的BIM模型。
或許有一天這種情況能得到改善，設(shè)計(jì)合同能夠默認(rèn)地包含普遍認(rèn)可的通用BIM需求。設(shè)計(jì)公司也能夠成熟的利用BIM軟件，來(lái)制作高質(zhì)量的BIM模型。
然而目前，在幾乎所有的項(xiàng)目中，事實(shí)都不是這樣的。要改變現(xiàn)狀，我們就得直面這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
Why is there a Problem with Models?
The reason it is so difficult to get quality BIM models from design consultants is that they think their job is, for architects, to produce drawings, for engineers, to produce diagrams. So they use their software, whether BIM or not, to only produce drawings. Also they generally don’t use their BIM software to produce schedules. As they see it their deliverable is a paper schedule, maybe an Excel spreadsheet. So why use your drawing software?
All this is because drawings have traditionally been their tangible deliverable, and is still the main contractual deliverable even in notionally “BIM” projects. Due in part because the reality is that drawings are still the legal documents that contractors use to construct from.
Mind you there are good reasons why drawings are used for legal evidence. All information on drawings is visible and unchangeable. Explanatory text can be included, status, revision sequence and issued date are all clearly displayed. It is very hard for someone to say “I didn’t see it”.
One day BIM models may be able to do these things, or things that achieve the same outcomes. There are examples around that do some of these things, or something similar, like Bentley’s ‘Hypermodel’ functionality, or the open source BIM Collaboration Format (BCF).
But presently there are no common, robust, methods that match the certainty of drawings.
So are architects and engineers justified in using their BIM software to just produce drawings?
為什么模型會(huì)存在問(wèn)題？
之所以很難得到好的BIM模型，是因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)師們認(rèn)為自己需要出的是圖紙，工程師們認(rèn)為自己需要出的是詳圖，所以無(wú)論他們使用的是不是BIM軟件，他們都只是用來(lái)出圖。他們基本上不會(huì)用BIM軟件來(lái)出清單表格。他們普遍認(rèn)為既然要出的是一張紙質(zhì)的或者電子的表格，用畫(huà)圖軟件干嘛？
這一切都因?yàn)椋趥鹘y(tǒng)的交付模式中，圖紙是一種有形的交付物，即便是在已經(jīng)有BIM概念的項(xiàng)目中，也還是一樣的。部分原因是，圖紙目前是施工單位進(jìn)行建設(shè)的唯一合法依據(jù)。
這是由于圖紙上所有的信息都是明顯且不可改變的，設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明、變更以及審核簽發(fā)日期等都有清晰的說(shuō)明?？吹綀D紙的人不能說(shuō)：「我沒(méi)看見(jiàn)這個(gè)信息?！?/span>
也許將來(lái)BIM模型也能達(dá)到同樣的功能，目前也有一些產(chǎn)品正向著這個(gè)方向努力，比如奔特力公司的Hypermodel，或者是開(kāi)源的BCF也就是BIM Collaboration Format BIM協(xié)作格式。
不過(guò)BIM目前還沒(méi)有像圖紙那樣通行而有力的方法來(lái)達(dá)到這一目的。那是不是說(shuō)，建筑師和工程師就可以名正言順地僅僅用BIM軟件來(lái)生產(chǎn)圖紙呢？
BIMSoftware is Designed to produce Drawings
The softwares we use today to do BIM were not originally designed to do BIM. Theywere designed to produce drawings.
When ArchiCAD came out in 1987 the way it worked was that the building was modelledin 3D up to a point. Once it was decided to move to drawings, plans, elevationsand sections were created as separate files from the model and worked over toturn them into drawings.
Revit came out in 2000 with a similar functionality, except that plans, elevationsand sections remained live. Everything was in the one file, so changes in the3D model instantly appeared in all views created for drawings. But the purposeof Revit was still to create drawings.
Other software now used for BIM started life as CAD programs, with gradual 3Dfunctionality added to assist drawing production (e.g. Bentley, and the nowdefunct AutoDesk Architecture).
BIM as we know it today came from the realisation that the integrated 3D model thatthese softwares produced could be used for other purposes. In practical termsBIM is what these softwares are capable of doing, despite the efforts to extendBIM into the realm of fantasy by the standards wonks and BIM evangelists.
So if you use BIM software as it is intended to be used it will produce drawings for you. There is no need to “take shortcuts” to produce convincing looking drawings. And if you use the software properly it will be BIM ready, it will not “take more time” to do BIM.
BIM軟件被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)就是為了出圖的
其實(shí)，我們今天所使用的BIM軟件，本來(lái)就是為出圖而開(kāi)發(fā)的，而不是為了做BIM。
ArchiCAD軟件在1987年問(wèn)世的時(shí)候，它的工作方式就是在某種程度上進(jìn)行三維建模，它被定義為繪圖軟件，讓平面圖、立面圖和剖面圖都可以通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)和切割模型，自動(dòng)被創(chuàng)建出來(lái)，并生成獨(dú)立的圖紙文件。
類(lèi)似的，sketchup軟件獨(dú)立的出圖模塊也是起這個(gè)作用的。
Revit軟件2000版本則是在保留了這些功能的前提下，新增了平立剖三視圖的關(guān)聯(lián)性。所有圖紙都和模型一起被保存在同一個(gè)文件中，一旦模型發(fā)生更改，所有的圖紙也都一起更改。即便這樣，Revit的目的還是創(chuàng)建圖紙。
其他一些軟件，比如bentley或者是已經(jīng)被合并的 AutoDesk Architecture，也都是基于繪圖功能，而增加了一些三維輔助功能。
時(shí)至今日，軟件技術(shù)在進(jìn)步，人們的想法也在進(jìn)步。我們談?wù)揃IM，指的是BIM軟件所生產(chǎn)的模型可以有很多出圖以外的用途。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，就是不管那些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者和BIM的推廣者怎么講，我們關(guān)注這些BIM軟件到底都能實(shí)現(xiàn)什么功能。
你要是以BIM軟件的本來(lái)目的來(lái)使用它們，那它們就是用來(lái)畫(huà)圖的，你也不必找捷徑去畫(huà)一些很炫的圖。而如果你抱有更進(jìn)一步的目的來(lái)使用它們，為真正的BIM做準(zhǔn)備，那BIM就不會(huì)像很多人說(shuō)的那樣「比傳統(tǒng)方式更浪費(fèi)時(shí)間」了。
The Benefits of BIM to Authors
Much is made of using BIM models for 4D (construction sequencing), 5D (quantity measuring), 6D (life-cycle management), and other ‘D’s. They can also be used for analysis and simulations, particularly in engineering – structural analysis, power circuits, mechanical systems etc.
What is often not appreciated is that a BIM model can also be used for quality assurance (QA) purposes. Checks can be utilised that minimise design errors, that ensure the model is in fact a quality BIM model and an accurate representation of what is to be built.
If all you produce are drawings and separate schedules, you can only check drawings and schedules.
If your BIM models are created properly you can use the model to do the checking.
If your walls contain their fire rating as data in a parameter you can colour code those walls, the same for fire rated doors, fire rated dampers etc. Which makes checking that the correct walls and doors are in the right place much quicker than trawling through multiple drawings and cross referencing schedules.
If your doors contain size data you can run a model check for doors with heights or widths below minimum required values. Check concrete walls required to be fire rated to ensure their thickness achieves their rating. You get the idea, the list is endless.
These checks can be manual (e.g. use Filters in Revit or the free add-in Color Splasher to color-code views by object parameter), or automated (e.g. Revit’s inbuilt Warnings, Autodesk Model Checker for Revit, Solibri IFC model checker).
And because drawings and schedules come directly from the model they will be correct if the model is correct.
When I say correct, I mean correct information. Letting software create your drawings and schedules means forgoing some control over graphic representation. But then BIM authors are architects and engineers, not graphic artists. The question they need to ask is not does this drawing look “neat”, but can it be misinterpreted? Will the contractor build the wall using the wrong material or in the wrong place because the lineweight is not exactly right, the hatch pattern doesn’t align perfectly? Will they mistake a grid for something else because its head doesn’t perfectly align with other grids?
The bottom line is that it is possible to be much more thorough when checking a model as compared to checking drawings and schedules. It can also be done much quicker, especially if standardised automated model checking processes are implemented alongside manual checking. All this leads to less errors in documents, meaning less time wasted dealing with mistakes, both internally and on site.
There is no real excuse for design consultants to NOT produce good quality BIM models. They should be doing as part of their normal duty of care.
BIM對(duì)作者的好處
很多BIM案例應(yīng)用的都是4D技術(shù)——施工進(jìn)度模擬，5D技術(shù)——成本管理，6D——全生命周期管理，以及更多的D。還可以被應(yīng)用與分析和仿真，尤其是結(jié)構(gòu)分析、電力分析和機(jī)械系統(tǒng)等等。
BIM不怎么被重視的一個(gè)應(yīng)用是，它可以用于QA，即質(zhì)量保證。通過(guò)檢查和審核，盡量減少錯(cuò)誤，使模型成為高質(zhì)量的BIM模型，從而精確地指導(dǎo)未來(lái)的建設(shè)。
如果你手里的東西只有圖紙和表格，那你就只能檢查圖紙和表格。如果你的模型被精細(xì)妥善的創(chuàng)建，那你就可以利用它來(lái)進(jìn)行檢查。
如果你的模型中的墻包含了防火等級(jí)參數(shù)，類(lèi)似的還有防火門(mén)或者防火閥，你可以用顏色標(biāo)注它們的防火等級(jí)情況，這樣檢查防火墻和防火門(mén)是否在正確的位置，就比在圖紙和表格上檢查來(lái)的直觀和方便多了。
如果你的模型中，所有門(mén)都包含了尺寸數(shù)據(jù)，那你就可以運(yùn)行一個(gè)自動(dòng)檢查程序，給出一個(gè)寬度和高度的最小限制值，快速檢查有沒(méi)有小于這個(gè)數(shù)值的門(mén)，從而確保項(xiàng)目中沒(méi)有不符合尺寸要求的門(mén)存在。你還可以利用最小數(shù)值的自動(dòng)檢查，看看項(xiàng)目里的防火墻厚度是不是都符合要求。只要有想法，你可以做很多很多事情。
這種檢查可以是手動(dòng)的，比如利用revit的過(guò)濾器功能，或者是利用一些插件，比如 ColorSplasher ，給模型中不同參數(shù)條件的構(gòu)件上色。也可以是自動(dòng)的，比如revit自帶的警告功能，AutodeskModel Checker for Revit, Solibri IFC model checker 等等。
由于圖紙和表格都是從模型直接出的，所以只要檢查后模型是正確的，那出的圖也就是正確的。
我說(shuō)的正確，是指信息正確。讓軟件通過(guò)模型來(lái)自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建圖紙和表格，意味著需要放棄一些對(duì)圖形表現(xiàn)的控制。但BIM模型的作者是建筑師和工程師，而不是藝術(shù)家。他們需要關(guān)注的不是圖紙是否優(yōu)雅整潔，而是它是否準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。會(huì)不會(huì)由于圖紙線寬的錯(cuò)誤、填充圖案的錯(cuò)誤，導(dǎo)致施工方拿著這份圖紙施工的時(shí)候弄錯(cuò)了墻的材質(zhì)，或者干脆建錯(cuò)了地方？會(huì)不會(huì)因?yàn)橐粭l軸網(wǎng)的標(biāo)頭沒(méi)有和其他軸網(wǎng)對(duì)齊，而導(dǎo)致他們把軸網(wǎng)線錯(cuò)看成了墻線？
至少，檢查模型比檢查圖紙和表格來(lái)的更徹底，更快捷。尤其是手動(dòng)檢查和符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的自動(dòng)檢查相結(jié)合的時(shí)候。所有這些，都讓最終文件中的錯(cuò)誤大大減少，也就意味著設(shè)計(jì)階段和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)施工階段浪費(fèi)在糾錯(cuò)上的時(shí)間大大減少。下圖是一個(gè)圖紙上看著沒(méi)問(wèn)題，施工時(shí)候卻會(huì)出錯(cuò)的例子。
實(shí)際上，設(shè)計(jì)公司沒(méi)有理由不提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的BIM模型，他們的設(shè)計(jì)工作本來(lái)就應(yīng)該沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤。他們應(yīng)該把提供準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的模型，當(dāng)成他們工作的一部分。
Why won’t People Share?
Producing good quality BIM Models is one thing, but if these models are not shared BIM processes will fail.
The comments above about checking the model instead of drawings and schedules extends to other people’s work. It is much easier and quicker to see if structure is aligning with architecture if both models are linked together and viewed in 3D. And there are softwares that can automate this checking. Revit has a built-in clash detection ability, Naviworks and Solibiri are specialised software for doing this type of checking.
Design consultants, particularly architects, generally don’t like giving their native models to anyone. They see them as their property. The justification is that their contractual deliverables are completed drawings, schedules and specifications. BIM models are their “internal working documents”.
Design professionals are also generally paranoid about having their ideas stolen, which they extend to the documents they produce.
And some have this view that as initial author of BIM models they have the right to total control of that model including getting paid whenever anyone makes use of it.
None of these justifications are valid. They just need to get over the fact that in the 21st Century drawings are no longer their only deliverable, and that current legal protections easily extend to cover other deliverables.
However there is a mistaken belief (and not just by design consultants) that handing over models means providing an untouched copy of the model, still containing all its housekeeping and drawing creation setup. None of this is required for BIM Uses. It should be removed – as a requirement. No-one wants to trawl through someone else’s rubbish, and allowing people to recreate the drawings of others is a legal minefield.
人們?yōu)楹尾辉阜窒恚?/span>
有了高質(zhì)量的BIM模型是一回事，而分享是另一回事。如果這些模型不能良好的共享，那BIM流程也就無(wú)法成功。
咱們上面說(shuō)到的用模型檢查來(lái)代替圖紙和表格這種方式，可以延伸到他人的工作流程。如果結(jié)構(gòu)模型和建筑模型被鏈接到一起，就可以很容易地在三維環(huán)境下檢查二者是否準(zhǔn)確的對(duì)齊了。除了用肉眼，還有一些軟件自已自動(dòng)進(jìn)行這種檢查。Revit軟件自帶這項(xiàng)功能，Navisworks和Solibiri則是為模型檢查專(zhuān)門(mén)開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件。
設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，尤其是建筑設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，不愿意把他們建立的模型交給其他人。他們把這些模型視為自己的私有財(cái)產(chǎn)。理由很簡(jiǎn)單，他們和業(yè)主簽訂的交付合同上要求的，是提供圖紙、表格和設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明。BIM模型被用來(lái)生產(chǎn)這些東西，模型本身是「內(nèi)部文件」。
設(shè)計(jì)師們也很擔(dān)心模型文件中所反映的想法和理念被別人偷走，很多人認(rèn)為，作為BIM模型的原始作者，他們對(duì)模型享有控制權(quán)，如果你想要這個(gè)模型，就應(yīng)該付費(fèi)。
然而這些理由在法律上都是無(wú)效的。人們需要去適應(yīng)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是21世紀(jì)了，圖紙不再是他們唯一的交付物，現(xiàn)行的法律保護(hù)已經(jīng)延伸到其他的交付物中了。
即便作者同意共享，也存在問(wèn)題。不僅是設(shè)計(jì)師，很多人也都認(rèn)為交出他們的模型就是直接原封不動(dòng)的copy一份出去，包含所有的視圖和原始出圖設(shè)置。其實(shí)這些在BIM應(yīng)用中都完全沒(méi)必要，甚至需要在交出模型的時(shí)候刪除掉。沒(méi)人需要一大堆對(duì)自己沒(méi)有意義的垃圾信息，此外，在別人的圖紙基礎(chǔ)上重新繪圖也是存在法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。
Whatis a Quality Model?
In simple terms by quality model I mean a model that is:
Fully modelled in 3D.
Is modelled as it will be constructed.
Uses correct categories and types.
All objects contain data about themselves.
Data is consistent and coherent.
and taking into consideration the fact that drawings and schedules are contractual deliverables:
It is not so much about WHAT information is in the model (which most standards seem to concentrate on, including LOD descriptions, but that the information that is there is complete and can be relied upon.
This is where discussion of BIM becomes confused. Many believe BIM is about extra work and extra data. It is not. It is about data that is produced for normal purposes being in a consistent format.
The final format doesn’t even matter. If data is consistent it can be converted from one format to another. If data required for COBie exists in a model it can be converted to COBie format on export. It doesn’t have to exist in the model in COBie format.
If someone wants data that is not usually created as part of your normal service then it is an extra cost. An architect may put minimum warrantee requirements in their specification, but if the owner wants the manufacturer’s actual warrantee information in the architect’s model that is work they would not normally do and so is an extra.
In short a quality BIM Model is one that has been created by people doing what they normally do and using their BIM software the way it was designed to be used.
Not such a big ask.
什么是高質(zhì)量模型？
簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，我所講的高質(zhì)量模型有這么幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
? 完整的三維圖形
? 以正式施工為目的而構(gòu)建
? 族類(lèi)別和族類(lèi)型都是準(zhǔn)確的
? 所有物體都包含自我說(shuō)明的數(shù)據(jù)
? 所有數(shù)據(jù)都是一致和連貫的
如果再考慮到設(shè)計(jì)合同中規(guī)定需要交付圖紙和表格，那還要再加上這兩點(diǎn)：
? 模型必須與正式圖紙吻合
? 數(shù)據(jù)必須與正式表格吻合
我并不是很看重模型中必須具備哪些信息，盡管很多的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了這些內(nèi)容，比如一些LOD標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我更看重的是模型中的信息是完整而可靠的。
這就是對(duì)BIM的認(rèn)識(shí)產(chǎn)生混亂的地方。很多人認(rèn)為BIM就意味著更多的工作和更多的數(shù)據(jù)。事實(shí)并不是這樣的，BIM真正的價(jià)值核心是，所有信息保持原本的正常目的，只是它們的格式被統(tǒng)一了而已。
最終是什么格式無(wú)所謂，只要格式是統(tǒng)一的，就能從一種格式轉(zhuǎn)變成另外一種格式。如果模型中的信息被施工運(yùn)營(yíng)建筑信息交換（COBIE）需要，那就可以導(dǎo)出成COBie格式，而模型中信息本來(lái)的格式不一定非得是這個(gè)格式的。
如果別人跟你要的信息，不是你正常服務(wù)中包含的，的確是額外的工作成本。比如說(shuō)，建筑設(shè)計(jì)師一般會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)文件中做一些簡(jiǎn)單的維護(hù)說(shuō)明，但如果業(yè)主要求設(shè)計(jì)師在模型中加入一些關(guān)于制造商產(chǎn)品的、非常詳細(xì)的維護(hù)說(shuō)明，那這就是額外的工作了。
簡(jiǎn)單概括，什么是優(yōu)質(zhì)的模型？人們?cè)趧?chuàng)建模型的時(shí)候，做的還是原本的工作，生產(chǎn)的還是原本的信息，只是利用了BIM軟件，這些軟件被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)本來(lái)就是干這個(gè)用的。這樣做出來(lái)的模型，就是優(yōu)質(zhì)的模型。
真不是什么大不了的事。
How to Obtain Quality Models
As explained above it can’t be left solely to design consultants to initiate quality models. To be fair that is not all design consultants, there are some who are very good. And not yet, one day it will become standard practice, but for now owners have to be proactive.
There are two places requirements can be spelt out: – consultant engagement agreements and a project’s BIM Brief.
Consultant engagement agreements are better because they are contractually binding, whereas a BIM Brief may or may not be, depending on what is in consultant engagement agreements. Also the BIM Brief may not be completed before consultants are engaged (particularly if those consultants are expected to participate in creating the BIM Brief).
Generally best practice is to include generic BIM model requirements in consultant engagement agreements, with specific requirements, and perhaps specific examples of good modelling practice, in the BIM Brief.
It is also best practice to embed BIM requirements within consultant engagement agreements and not simply have a separate “BIM Addendum” or “Exhibit”, which can lead to contradictions and perpetuates the belief that using BIM is a separate service.
怎樣獲得優(yōu)質(zhì)的模型？
剛才我們也說(shuō)了，不能只是靠設(shè)計(jì)咨詢(xún)團(tuán)隊(duì)來(lái)生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的模型。公平的說(shuō)，還有其他人適合做一部分的工作。也許有一天我說(shuō)的這種情景會(huì)成為慣例，但目前還不行，還得靠業(yè)主有一定的前瞻性。
有效的需求可以在兩個(gè)地方提出來(lái)：顧問(wèn)聘任協(xié)議書(shū)（在中國(guó)就是設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)文件和設(shè)計(jì)合同），還有項(xiàng)目BIM章程。
顧問(wèn)聘任協(xié)議書(shū)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)更好一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗话闶歉贤壎ㄔ谝黄鸬?，而?xiàng)目BIM章程有時(shí)候是這樣，有時(shí)候不是，這取決于顧問(wèn)聘任協(xié)議是怎么寫(xiě)的，尤其是有的時(shí)候業(yè)主還指望著設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)介入后幫他們來(lái)編制BIM章程呢。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，比較好的做法是，在顧問(wèn)聘任協(xié)議書(shū)中包含一個(gè)通用BIM模型要求，而在BIM章程中有具體要求和一些模型樣例。
最好的方法就是，將BIM需求融入到顧問(wèn)聘任協(xié)議書(shū)中，而不是附加一個(gè)BIM條款。附加條款會(huì)讓人產(chǎn)生抵觸，因?yàn)锽IM在這里成為了一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的附加工作。
Current BIM Engagement Documents
A number of organisations have produced contract addendums for BIM.
In the US there is the AIA Document E203-2013, BIM and Digital Data Exhibit by the American Institute of Architects, and in the UK the CIC/BIM Protocol by the Construction Industry Council.
None of these documents adequately address the issue of model quality. Some are better at addressing model sharing than others, but then introduce unnecessary complications. And some are simply impenetrable for normal humans, those who have to implement them.
The AIA E203-2013 is more like a BIM Brief, or BIM Execution Plan, it describes BIM processes rather than modelling requirements.
The CIC/BIM Protocol is mainly about sharing of models and delivery. That is if you can understand it. You would think by the 21st Century lawyers would have learnt to write understandable English. There is one sentence of 130 words with the only commas dividing up lists of items.
It also has other issues that conflict with standard head consultant engagement agreements.
I’m not saying these documents are useless or dangerous (although I’d be careful of using the CIC/BIM Protocol), but they are not enough to ensure quality BIM models.
目前的協(xié)議文件參考
一些組織給出了BIM合同附錄的樣本。比如美國(guó)建筑師學(xué)會(huì)的 AIA Document E203-2013, BIM and Digital Data Exhibit ,英國(guó)建筑協(xié)會(huì)的 CIC/BIMProtocol.
這些文件都沒(méi)有充分討論模型質(zhì)量的問(wèn)題。有些文件對(duì)模型分享的說(shuō)明比較詳細(xì)，不過(guò)也同時(shí)帶來(lái)了不必要的難題。有些內(nèi)容則讓實(shí)施BIM的正常人來(lái)讀起來(lái)難以理解。
AIAE203-2013文件更像是一份BIM實(shí)施章程，忽略了模型質(zhì)量而更重視BIM流程。
CIC/BIMProtocol的內(nèi)容則主要是關(guān)于分享和交付模型，前提是你能讀的懂它。讀這份文件你得像一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的律師那樣思考，文件中有的話(huà)長(zhǎng)達(dá)130多個(gè)單詞，里面只有幾個(gè)用于分隔名詞的逗號(hào)。文件中還包含一些和現(xiàn)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)議沖突的地方，總之這份文件值得吐槽的地方還是不少的。
我不是說(shuō)這些文件沒(méi)有用或者有什么危險(xiǎn)，盡管我還是會(huì)小心使用CIC/BIM Protocol，但是對(duì)于BIM模型的質(zhì)量，這些文件描述的確實(shí)不夠好。
What to put in Model Author Agreements
By Model Authors I mean anyone who is going to create BIM models. This may include design consultants, sub-contractors, construction consultants, and possibly FM consultants.
I’ve only discussed model sharing and model quality above, but there are other issues that should be covered within contractual agreements. The minimum that an agreement should cover includes:
Some examples:
BIM Planning
The Project BIM Briefing Plan forms part of the building brief and must be complied with.
When requested the Consultant will participate in the process to develop and update all project BIM Management Plans and will comply with these plans.
When requested the Consultant will attend BIM Planning meetings, Coordination and Clash resolution meetings.
Resourcing
The consultant will provide, at their own cost, all software, hardware and training required to comply with their project BIM requirements and responsibilities.
A person experienced in use of the Consultant’s main documentation software will be appointed Discipline Model Manager and be available to attend BIM meetings and address BIM and software related issues raised by other project participants.
Model Sharing
All models the Consultant creates for the project, and all exports from those models, shall be made available without restriction to all other project participants.
The consultant may, and is expected to, remove all elements, options, views, imports etc. that do not contribute to issued drawings and schedules from models before issuing them. They may also remove all titleblocks, sheets and layouts used to create issued drawings.
It is acknowledged that the Consultant retains Copyright of their authored models.
The Consultant will respect the rights of authors of models issued to them and will not use those models, or parts of those models, for purposes not directly required by the project.
The Consultant will not provide to third parties models issued to them by others without the consent of the model author.
The Consultant will not print or export contract drawings or schedules from models provided to them by others. If drawings or schedules are required they must be requested from the original model author.
Model Quality
The Consultant will ensure the information in issued BIM Models exactly matches information issued as drawings, schedules and other related documents. This requirement only extends to information that has been modelled or placed as parameters in model objects. (i.e. excludes 2D details and data linked to the model then used in schedules).
Model Use
The Consultant accepts that models issued by them will be used by others as a source of information for work the Consultant is responsible for.
The Consultant will make reasonable endeavours to ensure their models are adequate for purposes others may want to use their model for. However the Consultant can reserve the right to seek compensation from others if it involves work additional to their normal service.
模型作者協(xié)議中該寫(xiě)些什么
這里的模型作者，指的是所有參與創(chuàng)建BIM模型的人。這里面包括設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)、分包商、施工單位甚至是物業(yè)管理顧問(wèn)。
上面我說(shuō)過(guò)了模型分享和模型質(zhì)量，還有一些問(wèn)題是需要在合同和協(xié)議中被覆蓋到的。我認(rèn)為一份協(xié)議至少需要包含以下幾條內(nèi)容：
? BIM項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃
? 實(shí)施BIM的資源
? 模型的分享
? 模型的質(zhì)量
? 模型的使用
舉一些例子：
BIM計(jì)劃
BIM執(zhí)行計(jì)劃是建造計(jì)劃的一部分，必須嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行。
當(dāng)甲方提出需求時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)必須參與到BIM管理計(jì)劃的開(kāi)發(fā)和更新工作，并嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行這些計(jì)劃。當(dāng)甲方提出需求，設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)必須參與BIM計(jì)劃會(huì)議，協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)議和碰撞問(wèn)題解決會(huì)議。
BIM資源
設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)需要自費(fèi)提供相關(guān)軟件、硬件和培訓(xùn)，以滿(mǎn)足他們自己對(duì)項(xiàng)目BIM工作配合的需求和職責(zé)。顧問(wèn)公司需要指定有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專(zhuān)人負(fù)責(zé)本解決本項(xiàng)目的BIM應(yīng)用問(wèn)題。
模型分享
設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)為本項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)建的所有模型和所有導(dǎo)出的格式，需要和項(xiàng)目其他參與者兼容。
設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)在正式出圖之前，最好刪除模型中所有與這些無(wú)關(guān)的元素，比如模型設(shè)置、視圖、參照文件等；在正式出圖后，也可以刪除用來(lái)出圖的表格、標(biāo)題和圖形布局等。
設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)對(duì)自己創(chuàng)建的模型保有著作權(quán)。對(duì)于其他模型作者創(chuàng)建的模型，設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)無(wú)權(quán)將它們用于與本項(xiàng)目無(wú)關(guān)的事項(xiàng)。
未經(jīng)允許，設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)不得將模型作者創(chuàng)建的模型提供給第三方。設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)不得利用他人提供的模型做正式出圖用。如果需要圖紙，設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)需要向模型的原作者提出需求。
模型質(zhì)量
設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)必須保證正式交付的BIM模型中的信息，與正式交付的圖紙、表格及其他文件完全吻合。
模型使用
設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)需接受他們創(chuàng)建的模型作為資源，被他人使用。這屬于設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)創(chuàng)建模型的責(zé)任之一。設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)需為他人能夠正常使用他們的模型而做出合理的努力。對(duì)于超出常規(guī)服務(wù)范疇的要求，設(shè)計(jì)顧問(wèn)保有增加服務(wù)費(fèi)的權(quán)利。
Example Model Quality Requirements
This list is generic enough to apply to all those who author models and the different BIM authoring software they use. It is by no means exhaustive, and can be augmented by specific requirements.
All project participants shall use compatible software to facilitate model exchanges. If a particular software is used by multiple participants all shall use the same version and all shall keep it updated.
A control model shall be created for levels, grids and shared coordinates. This shall be used by all model authors to establish common baseline information.
Correct categories shall be used, or layers / types etc. will be named to identify the type of object. For example, beams must be modelled as beams, or identified as beams, and not as floors.
All model elements in authoring models shall be in the authoring BIM software format. Imported geometry of a format different from authoring software shall not be used for parts of the building the consultant is responsible for.
Modelling shall, where possible, match construction methods. For example walls go between floor slabs, not through them.
All 3D models shall be consistent with issued 2D drawings.
All parameter data shall match issued schedules. This includes, but is not limited to, Area schedules, Revisions, FFE, Wall types, Equipment schedules.
Deliver 3D models as separate files per discipline with the same base point.
All 2D/3D drawings/models used as references in issued drawings shall be provided with the host file. Pathing of linked files shall be relative and not absolute.
When requested editable 3D geometry and data shall be issued in native authoring formats (e.g. RVT, 12da, .DWG, .DGN, Moss Genio, ASCII etc) as well as published formats (ie. .PDF, .NWC, DWF etc).
Ensure that all elements are modelled as individual selectable elements rather than multiple elements modelled as one element
Elements, including groups and nested components, are not to be mirrored where doing so creates a different product. (e.g. a dishwasher with an outlet on the left is a different product to a dishwasher with an outlet on the right).
Main construction elements (walls, columns, slab edges etc) and setouts are to be perfectly orthogonal or at angles no greater than 2 decimal points (e.g. 31.65°).
All dimension entities must be rounded to the nearest 1 millimetre, no higher (or rounding errors may occur in strings of dimensions). Dimension values shall not be overridden.
For those of you who know how to use your BIM software the things listed above will be seem pretty basic and obvious. Hopefully there is nothing that you are not already doing. But sometimes the simplest thing can prevent models from being used.
模型質(zhì)量要求的例子
以下是一些在不同的模型作者和BIM軟件中通用的需求。注意不要原方不動(dòng)的引用，在特定情況下可以修改和強(qiáng)化。
? 所有模型創(chuàng)建參與者需要使用相互兼容的軟件。若一款軟件是由多方同時(shí)使用，那所有參與者必須使用統(tǒng)一版本，并保持更新。
? 需要有一個(gè)核心控制模型，來(lái)規(guī)定標(biāo)高、軸網(wǎng)和共享坐標(biāo)。所有其他模型的建立需以此模型作為基準(zhǔn)。
? 模型的族類(lèi)別必須準(zhǔn)確，若建立模型的軟件使用圖層，則構(gòu)件所在的圖層必須按照相應(yīng)的組類(lèi)型進(jìn)行命名。比如梁必須按照梁這個(gè)類(lèi)別建立，或者它所在的圖層必須命名為梁，不能是樓板。
? 同一個(gè)模型中的所有元素必須是同一個(gè)軟件創(chuàng)建的，從其他軟件導(dǎo)入的不同格式的圖形不可以作為模型的一部分直接使用。
? 模型應(yīng)盡可能符合實(shí)際施工情況，比如墻要在兩層樓板之間建立，而不是整體穿過(guò)樓板。
? 所有3D模型必須與正式發(fā)布的2D圖紙相吻合。
? 所有的參數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)必須與正式發(fā)布的表格吻合，包括房間面積、修訂記錄、墻的類(lèi)型、設(shè)備類(lèi)型等。
? 每個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)的3D模型需參照同樣的基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)單獨(dú)發(fā)布。
? 所有作為參照的2D圖紙和3D模型，需要與參照他們的圖紙共同發(fā)布。鏈接文件的路徑必須是相對(duì)路徑，而不是絕對(duì)路徑。
? 必要情況下3D圖形和數(shù)據(jù)需要同時(shí)發(fā)布兩種格式，一種是模型創(chuàng)建軟件本來(lái)的格式，比如RVT，另一種是通用格式，比如PDF NWC或者DWF
? 確保每個(gè)元素都可以單獨(dú)被選擇，而不是很多元素被建立為一個(gè)同一個(gè)可選擇元素（比如將多個(gè)設(shè)備建立成同一個(gè)族文件而不能選擇單個(gè)設(shè)備）
? 不可以像CAD那樣，通過(guò)鏡像創(chuàng)建不同的構(gòu)件。比如接口在左邊的風(fēng)機(jī)和接口在右邊的風(fēng)機(jī)是完全不同的兩個(gè)產(chǎn)品，不能通過(guò)鏡像來(lái)創(chuàng)建，而是要單獨(dú)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)模型。
? 建筑主要構(gòu)件如墻、柱、板必須絕對(duì)正交，如果不是正交，則夾角最多精確到小數(shù)點(diǎn)后兩位，比如可以是31.65°，不能是31.6532°。
? 所有尺寸單位必須四舍五入到毫米，不可以人為修改尺寸標(biāo)注數(shù)值。
作為熟悉軟件的你來(lái)說(shuō)，上面列出的這些可能看起來(lái)非?；A(chǔ)。希望這些在你的建模工作中都能輕松的一一做到。有的時(shí)候就是最基礎(chǔ)的事情導(dǎo)致模型無(wú)法正常使用。因?yàn)楹芏喔呒?jí)的關(guān)聯(lián)參數(shù)都是基于底層參數(shù)創(chuàng)建的，一旦底層參數(shù)出現(xiàn)了問(wèn)題，高層參數(shù)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種奇怪的錯(cuò)誤，有的錯(cuò)誤你都不知道是怎么回事。
Summary
? BIM requires quality BIM models.
? BIM requires BIM models to be shared.
? BIM software, if used as intended, will produce quality BIM models.
If you are a consultant or sub-contractor who authors BIM models review how you are using your BIM software. If those using it in your office are treating it as a drawing tool rather than a modelling tool then retrain them and introduce processes that ensure quality models are produced.
Accept others require access to your BIM models, and when providing those models make sure they only contain information you would normally be providing anyway.
If you are an owner, or contractor who engages design consultants and/or sub-contractors, review your engagement agreements and include minimum BIM and modelling requirement, and the obligation to share models. Don’t rely on those you engage to do it for you unless you are certain that they will. And if they complain it will cost more find another consultant or sub-contractor that knows how to do their job properly.
總結(jié)
如果你是設(shè)計(jì)師，或者是需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建模型的分包商，重新看一看你是不是在正確的使用BIM軟件。如果你和你的同事只是把BIM作為出圖工具而不是建模工具，那你們需要重新培訓(xùn)和學(xué)習(xí)，才能創(chuàng)建高質(zhì)量的模型。
學(xué)著接受其他人向你索要你的模型，只要他們要的是你以份內(nèi)的工作為目的創(chuàng)建的模型，而不是一些你本來(lái)不做的工作。
如果你是業(yè)主或者總包，聘請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)師、咨詢(xún)公司或者分包商來(lái)幫助你創(chuàng)建模型，重新看一下你的協(xié)議書(shū)和需求書(shū)，是不是包含對(duì)模型質(zhì)量和模型分享的需求。如果你不提出要求，別指望別人來(lái)替你考慮這些問(wèn)題。如果你提出的要求使他們抱怨額外增加了工作量，那你需要換一家做的更好的公司。
